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"Richard, Duke of Aquitaine, son of the King of England, remained with Philip, the King of France, who so honored him for so long that they ate every day at the same table and from the same dish, and at night their beds did not separate them. And the King of France loved him as his own soul; and they loved each other so much that the King of England was absolutely astonished at the vehement love between them and marveled at what it could mean."

Public avowals of love between men were common from antiquity through the Middle Ages. What do these expressions leave to interpretation? An extraordinary amount, as Stephen Jaeger demonstrates.

Unlike current efforts to read medieval culture through modern mores, Stephen Jaeger contends that love and sex in the Middle Ages relate to each other very differently than in the post-medieval period. Love was not only a mode of feeling and desiring, or an exclusively private sentiment, but a way of behaving and a social ideal. It was a form of aristocratic self-representation, its social function to show forth virtue in lovers, to raise their inner worth, to increase their honor and enhance their reputation. To judge from the number of royal love relationships documented, it seems normal, rather than exceptional, that a king loved his favorites, and the courtiers and advisors, clerical and lay, loved their superiors and each other.

Jaeger makes an elaborate, accessible, and certain to be controversial, case for the centrality of friendship and love as aristocratic lay, clerical, and monastic ideals. Ennobling Love is a magisterial work, a book that charts the social constructions of passion and sexuality in our own times, no less than in the Middle Ages..
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Focusing on Lyotard, Vattimo, and Rorty, Pangle offers a searching critique of postmodernism and its implications for political life and thought He examines the political dimensions of postmodernist teachings, including the rejection of the natural-rights doctrines of the Enlightenment. "A book to be commended both for its seriousness and its lucidity. . . ."--Stanley Fish, Duke University..
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Sontag\'s perception of herself as primarily a fiction writer is contrasted sharply with her fame as a celebrity literary critic and essay writer. Her first essay collection Against Interpretation (1966) established her work as a critic and became a model of her idiomatic prose style. Sontag\'s idea of the novel as \a form of art which people with serious and sophisticated taste in the other arts can take seriously\" inspired the author Margit Speiser to more closely examine The Volcano Lover the third of Sontag\'s four novels a remake of the multiply recycled story of the \"tria juncta in uno\" - Sir William Hamilton Emma Hamilton and Admiral Lord Nelson. Love stories and romances are generally considered by critics and scholars to be trivial/light/debased fiction. How did Sontag \"ennoble\" her love story make it look more academic to capture their attention with a \"mere\" romance? Based on this central question the author analyzed the text with a view to literary genres narrative strategies writing techniques and gender aspects. This book is aimed at high school students and university undergraduates but could also be of interest for readers of contemporary literature.".
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With the introduction of new production methods and technological innovation, tradesmen and workers encountered new challenges This study examines the development of trade unions as a manifestation of working class experience in late Gilded Age America. It underscores both the distinctive and the common features of trade unionism across four occupations: building tradesmen, cigar makers, garment workers, and printers. While reactions differed, the unions representing these workers displayed a convergence in their strategic orientation, programmatic emphasis and organizational modus operandi. As such, they were not disparate organizations, concerned only with sectional interests, but participants in an organizational-network in which cooperation and solidarity became benchmarks for the labor movement. Printers coped with the mechanization of typesetting by promoting greater cooperation among the different craft unions within the industry, with the aim of establishing effective job control. Building tradesmen exerted a pragmatic militancy, which combined strikes with overtures to the employers' business sense, to uphold the standards of craft labor. Cigar makers, especially handicraftsmen who found their position threatened by machinery and the growth of factory production, debated the merits of a craft-based union against the possible advantages of an industrial-oriented organization. Garment workers, caught in the snare of a sweating system of labor in which wages and work loads were inversely related, organized unions to mount strikes during the busy season in the hope of securing higher wages, only to see them whither in the midst of slack periods..
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