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This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Phonetics, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
This study examines how speakers who are fluent in (Modern) Greek and Dutch realize cross-linguistic differences in the timing of a phonologically identical rise. Greek and Dutch share the same phonological structure in nonfinal or prenuclear rises. However, the rise is realized in different ways: Firstly, it is timed differently, with an earlier peak in Dutch than in Greek. Secondly, in Dutch the peak timing is influenced by the phonological length of the vowel of accented syllables (i.e., it is earlier when the vowel is long, and later when it is short), whereas no such influence exists in Greek. Two experiments compared the production of peak alignment by Dutch non-native speakers of Greek with that of a native Dutch and a native Greek control group. Evidence was found for bi-directional interference in four out of the five speakers who produced peak alignment which differed from the native control groups in both languages. The fifth speaker managed to produce peak alignment with native-like values in both the L1 and L2. These results mirror findings of bi-directional interference at the segmental level, although the nature of the intonational interference appears different than segmental interference. The results suggest that it is difficult-although not impossible-to realize the full set of tonal phones necessary to maintain contrast both within as well as across languages. .
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This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on March 1, 2000. The length of the article is 3779 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Steady Bi-Directional Drag Flow of Non-Newtonian Liquids in Shallow Channels.(Statistical Data Included)
Author: J. Thomas Lindt
Publication:Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: March 1, 2000
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 40 Issue: 3 Page: 768

Article Type: Statistical Data Included

Distributed by Thomson Gale.
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This digital document is a journal article from Science of the Total Environment, The, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Previous research has indicated that foliar mercury (Hg) flux is bi-directional, with influence from both atmospheric and soil Hg. This work investigated the role of soil and air Hg concentrations on foliar Hg exchange using a single-plant gas-exchange system. The exchange of Hg vapor with aspen seedlings grown in soil Hg concentrations of 0.03+/-0.01, 5.8+/-0.5, and 12.3+/-1.3 @mg g^-^1 and exposed to atmospheric Hg concentrations of 2.4+/-0.5, 11.0+/-0.9, and 30.4+/-2.2 ng m^-^3 was measured. At background atmospheric Hg concentrations of 2.4 ng m^-^3, foliage released Hg at all three soil Hg concentrations and fluxes ranged from 1.6 to 5.5 ng/m^2/h. At higher atmospheric Hg concentrations (>11 ng m^-^3), net deposition to foliage ranged from -9 to -47 ng/m^2/h, exhibiting increase uptake with higher air Hg concentrations. Fluxes associated with aspen showed an immediate response to changes in atmospheric Hg concentrations. Compensation points, the air concentration where no net flux of Hg vapor occurred, were 3-4 ng m^-^3 in the light and 2-3 ng m^-^3 in the dark for trees grown in soils of 0.03 and 6 @mg g^-^1 Hg content, and 5-6 ng m^-^3 in the light and 2.5-3.5 ng m^-^3 in the dark for trees grown in 12 @mg g^-^1 Hg soils. .
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This digital document is a journal article from Remote Sensing of Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
To improve wind erosion model calculations across several spatial and temporal scales simultaneously, there is a requirement for a non-invasive approach that can be used rapidly to assess changes in the compositional and structural nature of a soil surface in time and space. Remote sensing allows consideration of the processes controlling erodibility on the same spatial continuum to avoid time-consuming and expensive fieldwork. Multi-angular spectral reflectance appears to provide a holistic framework for the measurement and calculation of soil surface characteristics remotely using ground-based radiometers and current and future generations of angular sensors on airborne and satellite platforms. To investigate the utility of this framework, a ground-based study was performed using three soils susceptible to wind erosion that were modified using rainfall simulation and wind tunnel abrasion experiments. Measurements of those changes were made and recorded using digital images. Multi-angular spectral measurements of reflectance were also made and inverted against a bi-directional soil spectral reflectance model. Comparison of the measurements and calculations showed good agreement with small errors in accuracy. Optimised values of the model parameters produced the single scattering albedo and a description of the reflectance scattering behaviour of the soil surfaces that included an estimate of roughness. The model parameters removed the effect of illumination and viewing geometry on the spectral reflectance. The combination of single-scattering albedo spectra and model parameters for each treatment provided information about the composition and structure of the soil surface changes. The main changes detected at the soil surface included the presence of a crust produced by rain-splash, the production of loose erodible material covering a rain crust and the selective erosion of the soil surface. Redundancy analysis showed that much of the variation in the values of the soil reflectance model parameters was explained by the scattering properties and the roughness parameter of the soil surfaces. Variation in the soil surface reflectance was not explained solely by soil type. Instead, low intensity rainfall combined with short and long duration abrasion explained a significant portion. These findings provide a source of considerable variation in experimental and operational spectral reflectance measurements that has perhaps hitherto been largely ignored. The results demonstrated the readily available information on the composition and structure of the soil surface without interfering with natural processes. The directional soil reflectance methodology appears to have potential for use in improving the understanding of erodibility and ultimately for identifying and quantifying soil erosion. .
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