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Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West
When Henry David Thoreau went for his daily walk, he would consult his instincts on which direction to follow. More often than not his inner compass pointed west or southwest "The future lies that way to me," he explained, "and the earth seems more unexhausted and richer on that side." In his own imaginative way, Thoreau was imitating the countless young pioneers, prospectors, and entrepreneurs who were zealously following Horace Greeley's famous advice to "go west." Yet while the epic chapter in American history opened by these adventurous men and women is filled with stories of frontier hardship, we rarely think of one of their greatest problems--the lack of water resources. And the same difficulty that made life so troublesome for early settlers remains one of the most pressing concerns in the western states of the late-twentieth century.

The American West, blessed with an abundance of earth and sky but cursed with a scarcity of life's most fundamental need, has long dreamed of harnessing all its rivers to produce unlimited wealth and power. In Rivers of Empire, award-winning historian Donald Worster tells the story of this dream and its outcome. He shows how, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, Mormons were the first attempting to make that dream a reality, damming and diverting rivers to irrigate their land. He follows this intriguing history through the 1930s, when the federal government built hundreds of dams on every major western river, thereby laying the foundation for the cities and farms, money and power of today's West. Yet while these cities have become paradigms of modern American urban centers, and the farms successful high-tech enterprises, Worster reminds us that the costs have been extremely high. Along with the wealth has come massive ecological damage, a redistribution of power to bureaucratic and economic elites, and a class conflict still on the upswing. As a result, the future of this "hydraulic West" is increasingly uncertain, as water continues to be a scarce resource, inadequate to the demand, and declining in quality.

Rivers of Empire represents a radically new vision of the American West and its historical significance. Showing how ecological change is inextricably intertwined with social evolution, and reevaluating the old mythic and celebratory approach to the development of the West, Worster offers the most probing, critical analysis of the region to date. He shows how the vast region encompassing our western states, while founded essentially as colonies, have since become the true seat of the American "Empire." How this imperial West rose out of desert, how it altered the course of nature there, and what it has meant for Thoreau's (and our own) mythic search for freedom and the American Dream, are the central themes of this eloquent and thought-provoking story--a story that begins and ends with water..
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Increased aridity during the early Holocene in West Greenland inferred from stable isotopes in laminated-lake sediments [An article from: Quaternary Science Reviews]
This digital document is a journal article from Quaternary Science Reviews, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Palaeoclimatic inferences from the Greenland ice cores suggest that Holocene climate was relatively uniform. The ice core records primarily reflect hemispheric temperature-related climate processes whereas lakes tend to reflect regional scale climatic variability. Stable isotopes in closed-basin lakes are sensitive to changes in effective precipitation. Here we report stable isotope evidence (@d^1^8O and @d^1^3C records from authigenic calcite in laminated lake sediments) from two oligosaline, closed-basin lakes in southern West Greenland (Sondre Stromfjord). The stable isotope profiles indicate a dynamic early to mid-Holocene climate as a strongly negative precipitation-evaporation balance from ~7000 to 5600calyr BP lowered lake levels throughout the region. This interpretation of the stable isotope data is supported by a survey of modern lake-water isotopic composition and fossil shorelines around many closed-basin saline lakes which indicate higher lake levels in the past. The increased aridity during the early Holocene resulted from a shift in regional circulation patterns in the Davis Straits-Baffin Bay area. Enhanced stability of the West Greenland depression and the situation of a regional trough over the Sondre Stromfjord area caused weakened westerly airflow and strengthened outflow (i.e. winds blowing off the ice sheet), resulting in reduced precipitation in the region. Decreased precipitation, coupled with higher insolation, probably caused the negative precipitation-evaporation balance. .
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